ABSTRACT Iron is an important trace element for proper cell functioning. It is present in cytochromes, hemoglobin and myoglobin (Mb), where it binds to oxygen. It is also an electron acceptor in the respiratory chain. Mb is an 18 kDa heme-protein, highly expressed in skeletal muscle and heart. The expression of several genes involved in the metabolism of iron is post-transcriptionally regulated by this element. Iron was shown to interfere with the polyadenylation step, modifying their poly (A) tail length and, as a consequence, their stability and translation rate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether iron supplementation or long and short-term restriction affects Mb gene and protein expression, as well as Mb mRNA poly(A) tail length, in cardiac and skeletal muscles of rats. Long-term iron restriction caused an increase in Mb gene and protein expression in Soleus muscle. No changes were observed in extensor digitorum longus muscle and heart. Short-term iron supplementation after iron deprivation did not alter Mb gene expression and mRNA poly(A) tail length in all tissues studied. These results indicate that Mb gene and protein expression is upregulated in response to iron deprivation, an effect that is tissue-specific and seems to occur at transcriptional level.

A incidência do câncer diferenciado da tiróide vem aumentando há várias décadas no Brasil, assim como em todo o mundo. A popularização de métodos diagnósticos sensíveis e de uso relativamente simples tem contribuído para o diagnóstico cada vez mais freqüente de carcinomas de pequeno tamanho. Uma parte destes tumores ocorre em pacientes denominados de baixo risco, que poderiam se beneficiar de estratégias de conduta menos agressivas. Entretanto, a definição de baixo risco ainda é confusa e não existem meios seguros para distinguir os pacientes que evoluirão de forma pior dos demais. Por outro lado, o uso de novos métodos de acompanhamento vem mudando a maneira de conduzir estes casos. Um grupo multidisciplinar que inclui pesquisadores básicos, endocrinologistas, médicos nucleares, cirurgiões e patologistas endócrinos reviu a literatura pertinente e, com base em sua experiência, propõe algumas normas de conduta no carcinoma diferenciado da tiróide chamado de baixo risco em nosso meio.

The trend of increasing thyroid cancer has been recognized in Brazil as well as all over the world for several decades. The large use of simple and effective diagnostic tools has significantly contributed to this trend. It is estimated that small carcinomas found at surgery for benign thyroid disorders and by ultrasonography will be identified at grater frequency in the further years. Part of these tumors occurs in low-risk patients that may benefit of less aggressive management strategies. However, the characterization of low-risk patient is still confusing and we lack adequate markers to tell apart patients that may present a troublesome progression of the disease. Furthermore, the use of new follow-up methods has recently changed some guidelines. A multidisciplinary team, including basic scientists, endocrinologists, nuclear medicine physicians, thyroid surgeons and endocrine pathologists reviewed the pertinent literature and, based on their experience, propose some management guidelines for Brazilian patients with low-risk thyroid carcinomas.

Os hormônios tiroideanos desempenham função importante no crescimento, desenvolvimento e metabolismo de todos os vertebrados. A concentração sérica dos mesmos é controlada pelo TRH, somatostatina e TSH, os quais determinam a taxa de biossíntese e secreção hormonal, bem como por desiodases (principalmente a do tipo I), enzimas que geram, nos tecidos periféricos, aproximadamente 75% do T3 presente no soro, a partir do T4 circulante; as desiodases do tipo II, por outro lado, geram T3 principalmente para os tecidos nos quais são expressas. Os efeitos biológicos dos hormônios tiroideanos são desencadeados por meio da sua interação com receptores nucleares que se apresentam em regiões específicas do DNA, o que determina a ativação ou inibição de seus genes-alvo e o controle da síntese de proteínas específicas. Outras ações dos hormônios tiroideanos são rapidamente desencadeadas (segundos/minutos), o que sugere o envolvimento de mecanismos não genômicos nos efeitos observados.

Thyroid hormones play an important role on growth, development and metabolism of all vertebrates. Serum concentration of thyroid hormones are controlled by TRH, somatostatin and TSH which determine the rate of hormone biosynthesis and release, as well as by deiodinases (mainly type I), enzymes which generate in peripheral tissues, approximately 75% of the T3 present in serum, from circulating T4; type II deiodinases, on the other hand, are supposed to generate T3 for the tissues in which they are expressed. The biological effects of thyroid hormones are elicited by means of their interaction with specific nuclear receptors present in specific regions of the DNA, mechanism by which they induce or repress important target genes, controlling, as a consequence, the synthesis of specific proteins. However, some thyroid hormone effects are elicited in seconds or minutes, which suggests the involvement of a non-genomic mechanism of action.